Justice depends on finding out what really happened. For a long time, investigations relied heavily on confessions and eyewitnesses, both of which can be unreliable. Forensic science gives courts evidence that can be tested.
What forensic evidence includes
- DNA, fingerprints and other biological traces
- Ballistics, toxicology and chemical analysis
- Digital evidence from phones, computers and CCTV
- Medico-legal examinations and post-mortem findings
- Psychological assessment in suitable cases
What the new criminal laws require
India's new criminal laws, in force since July 2024, give forensics a larger role. Under the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023, a forensic team must visit the crime scene for offences punishable with seven years or more, and the collection of evidence must be video-recorded. Electronic records are also clearly recognised as evidence under the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023.
Why it matters for fairness
Good forensic work protects both sides. It helps convict the guilty and, just as importantly, protects the innocent from wrongful accusation. It also reduces pressure to obtain confessions, which is one of the most important safeguards against coercion.
Reforms that still matter
- More forensic laboratories and trained experts, to reduce backlogs
- Careful handling of evidence, with a clear chain of custody
- Training for police in scientific investigation and in interviewing victims sensitively
- Gender-sensitive and child-friendly procedures
- Mental-health support for police officers, who face high stress
Science alone does not deliver justice; it has to be used carefully, ethically and impartially. But a system built on evidence is fairer for everyone who comes into contact with it.
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